48个音标及字母
摘要：一、元音（20个）
1. 单元音（12个）
长元音（5个）：
/iː/ → ee, ea, e.g. see (see), sea (sea)
/ɜː/ → ir, ur, ear, e.g.
一、元音（20个）
1. 单元音（12个）
长元音（5个）：
/iː/ → ee, ea, e.g. see (see), sea (sea)
/ɜː/ → ir, ur, ear, e.g. bird (bird), turn (turn)
/ɑː/ → a, ar, e.g. father (father), car (car)
/ɔː/ → aw, or, au, e.g. law (law), fork (fork)
/uː/ → oo, u, ew, e.g. food (food), true (true)
短元音（7个）：
/ɪ/ → i, y, e.g. sit (sit), gym (gym)
/e/ → e, ea, e.g. bed (bed), head (head)
/æ/ → a, e.g. cat (cat)
/ɒ/ → o, a, e.g. hot (hot), watch (watch)
/ʊ/ → oo, u, e.g. put (put), full (full)
/ʌ/ → u, o, e.g. cup (cup), love (love)
/ə/ → a, er, or, e.g. about (about), better (better)
2. 双元音（8个）
/eɪ/ → a, ay, ai, e.g. day (day), rain (rain)
/aɪ/ → i, y, igh, e.g. my (my), night (night)
/ɔɪ/ → oi, oy, e.g. boy (boy), coin (coin)
/aʊ/ → ou, ow, e.g. house (house), cow (cow)
/əʊ/ → o, ow, oa, e.g. go (go), boat (boat)
/ɪə/ → ear, eer, e.g. ear (ear), beer (beer)
/eə/ → air, are, e.g. hair (hair), care (care)
/ʊə/ → ure, our, e.g. cure (cure), tourist (tourist)
二、辅音（28个）
1. 爆破音（6个）
/p/ → p, pp, e.g. pen (pen), happy (happy)
/b/ → b, bb, e.g. bed (bed), rabbit (rabbit)
/t/ → t, tt, e.g. ten (ten), butter (butter)
/d/ → d, dd, e.g. dog (dog), ladder (ladder)
/k/ → k, c, ck, e.g. cat (cat), back (back)
/ɡ/ → g, gg, e.g. go (go), egg (egg)
2. 摩擦音（9个）
/f/ → f, ff, ph, e.g. fish (fish), coffee (coffee)
/v/ → v, e.g. van (van)
/θ/ → th, e.g. think (think)
/ð/ → th, e.g. this (this)
/s/ → s, ss, c, e.g. sun (sun), city (city)
/z/ → z, zz, s, e.g. zoo (zoo), dogs (dogs)
/ʃ/ → sh, ti, ci, e.g. she (she), nation (nation)
/ʒ/ → s, si, e.g. pleasure (pleasure), vision (vision)
/h/ → h, wh, e.g. hat (hat), who (who)
3. 破擦音（6个）
/tʃ/ → ch, tch, e.g. church (church), watch (watch)
/dʒ/ → j, g, dge, e.g. judge (judge), bridge (bridge)
/ts/ → ts, e.g. cats (cats)
/dz/ → ds, e.g. beds (beds)
/tr/ → tr, e.g. tree (tree)
/dr/ → dr, e.g. drive (drive)
4. 鼻音（3个）
/m/ → m, mm, e.g. man (man), summer (summer)
/n/ → n, nn, e.g. no (no), sunny (sunny)
/ŋ/ → ng, n, e.g. sing (sing), bank (bank)
5. 舌侧音（1个）
/l/ → l, ll, e.g. leg (leg), full (full)
6. 半元音/近似音（3个）
/r/ → r, rr, wr, e.g. red (red), write (write)
/j/ → y, e.g. yes (yes)
/w/ → w, wh, e.g. we (we), what (what)
总结
元音：20个（12单元音 + 8双元音）
辅音：28个（6爆破音 + 9摩擦音 + 6破擦音 + 3鼻音 + 1舌侧音 + 3半元音）
总计：48个音标。每个音标对应的字母或组合可能因单词不同而变化，需结合具体语境记忆。
